import numpy as np
from supervillain.lattice import push
from supervillain.observable import Observable, DerivedQuantity, Constrained
import supervillain.action
[docs]class Vortex_Vortex(Constrained, Observable):
r'''
In the constrained model the vortex correlations are given by
.. math ::
V_{x,y} = \left\langle e^{2\pi i (v_x - v_y) / W}\right\rangle
and we can use translational invariance to reduce to a single relative coordinate
.. math ::
\texttt{Vortex\_Vortex}_{\Delta x} = V_{\Delta x} = \frac{1}{\Lambda} \sum_x V_{x,x-\Delta x}
'''
[docs] @staticmethod
def Worldline(S, v):
r'''
$v$ is accessible only in the Worldline formulation. For $D>2$ the vortex
$e^{2\pi i v/W}$ is a $\binom{D}{2}$-component 2-form (one plaquette orientation
per component); by isotropy we average the correlator over the orientations,
exactly as :class:`~.Winding_Winding` does (a single orientation when $D=2$).
'''
L = S.Lattice
if L.D < 2:
raise NotImplementedError('Vortex observables require D >= 2; there are no plaquettes for D < 2.')
# When W=∞ we want exp(iv). v is a C(D,2)-component 2-form.
vortex = np.exp(2j*np.pi * v / S._W)
return L.correlation(vortex, vortex).mean(axis=0)
[docs] @staticmethod
def CriticalScalingDimension(S):
r'''
The critical scaling dimension of the winding-$w$ operator is $R^2 w^2 / 2$.
With the constraint that only charge $W$ vortices are allowed as propagating excitations,
at the phase transition $R^2 W^2 / 2 = 2$, so that the critical $R=2/W$.
What we want to know is the scaling dimension of the $w=1$ operator, which at the phase transition is $\Delta = (1R)^2/2 = 2/W^2$.
This is the critical scaling dimension of a *single* insertion, so the two-point :class:`~.Vortex_Vortex` scales with twice this dimension at the critical point.
When $W=\infty$ every $\kappa>0$ is critical, and $\Delta_V = 2R^2 = 2\times 2\pi \kappa = 4\pi \kappa$.
'''
W = S.W
if W < float('inf'):
return 2/W**2
return 4*np.pi * S.kappa
_change_n = dict()
_changed_links = dict()
[docs] @staticmethod
def Villain(S, Links):
r'''
We can write $V_{x,y}$ as the ratio of two partition functions,
.. math ::
\begin{aligned}
V_{x,y} &= Z_0[x,y] / Z_0
\\
Z_J[x,y] &= \sum\hspace{-1.33em}\int D\phi\; Dn\; Dv\; e^{-S_J[\phi, n, v]} e^{2\pi i (v_x - v_y) / W}
\\
S_J[\phi, n, v] &= \frac{\kappa}{2} \sum_{\ell} (d\phi - 2\pi n)_\ell^2 + 2\pi i \sum_p \left(v/W + J/2\pi \right)_p (dn)_p
\end{aligned}
where $Z$ is the standard :class:`~.Villain` partition function with action $S$.
The difference between $Z[x,y]$ and $Z$ is the insertion of the two-point exponential.
We can absorb that difference into the $v$ term in $S$,
.. math ::
\begin{aligned}
S_0'[\phi, n, v]
&=
\frac{\kappa}{2} \sum_{\ell} (d\phi - 2\pi n)_\ell^2 + 2\pi i \sum_p \left(v/W\right)_p (dn)_p + 2\pi i (v_x-v_y)/W
\\
&= \frac{\kappa}{2} \sum_{\ell} (d\phi - 2\pi n)_\ell^2 + 2\pi i \sum_p \left(v/W\right)_p (dn_p + \delta_{xp} - \delta_{yp} )
\end{aligned}
so integrating out $v$ would now change the :ref:`winding constraint <winding constraint>` to $[dn_p \equiv \delta_{yp} - \delta_{xp} \text{ mod } W]$.
Now define $\hat{n} = n_{\ell} - [P_{xy}]_{\ell}$ for $n$ satisfying the modified constraint and $P$ defined as follows.
Let $[\mathcal{P}_{xy}]_{\tilde{\ell}}$ trace any fixed path at all whatsoever on the dual lattice from $\star y$ to $\star x$, accumulating +1 when it traces along a dual link and -1 when it traces against a dual link.
Then $[P_{xy}]_{\star\tilde{\ell}} = [\star\mathcal{P}_{xy}]_{\tilde{\ell}}$ and $\hat{n}$ satisfies the original constraint.
Then we can change the integration variables from $n$ to $\hat{n}$ as long as we also change the action,
.. math ::
\begin{aligned}
Z_J[x,y] &= \sum\hspace{-1.33em}\int D\phi\; D\hat{n}\; e^{-S_J[\phi, \hat{n} + P]} [d\hat{n} \equiv 0 \text{ mod } W]
\end{aligned}
with the same $S_J$. Since in the hatted variables the constraint is satisfied, we can calculate this using constraint-obeying configurations by reweighting,
.. math ::
\begin{aligned}
Z_J[x,y] &= \sum\hspace{-1.33em}\int D\phi\; D\hat{n}\; e^{-S_J[\phi, \hat{n}]} e^{-(S_J[\phi, \hat{n} + P]-S_J[\phi, \hat{n}])} [d\hat{n} \equiv 0 \text{ mod } W]
\end{aligned}
Or, in other words, we measure
.. math ::
\begin{aligned}
V_{x,y} &= \left\langle \hat{V}_{x,y} = e^{-(S_J[\phi, \hat{n} + P_{xy}]-S_J[\phi, \hat{n}])} \right\rangle
\end{aligned}
in our standard ensemble.
.. note ::
The actual path $P_{xy}$ used is irrelevant in expectation, though of course on a fixed configuration you get different measurements if you pick different paths.
An implementation detail is that the fixed chosen path is the taxicab path that first covers the whole time separation and then the whole space separation.
The point is that any other path can be reached by making a combination of :class:`~.ExactUpdate`\s and :class:`~.CohomologyUpdate`\s.
Clearly $V_{x,x}=1$, and we can normalize so that $\texttt{Vortex\_Vortex}_{\Delta x = 0} = 1$.
The methods provided in this observable are already normalized.
However, inline measurements like those provided by a :class:`worm <supervillain.generator.villain.worm.Classic>` are not,
and can only be normalized *after* the bootstrap, which is why anything that depends on this observable is a :class:`~.DerivedQuantity`.
.. note ::
This taxicab-path measurement is only implemented for $D=2$ and raises ``NotImplementedError``
otherwise. The :class:`~.Worldline` measurement and the inline worm histogram are
dimension-general and work in any $D$.
'''
if S.Lattice.D != 2:
raise NotImplementedError(
'The Villain Vortex_Vortex measurement traces a taxicab path on the dual lattice '
'and is only implemented for D=2. (In the Worldline formulation Vortex_Vortex is '
'measured directly and works in any D.)'
)
L = S.Lattice
correlator = np.zeros(L.dims)
for Δt, Δx in L.coordinates:
if (Δt, Δx) == (0, 0):
correlator[L.origin] = 1
continue
# Include D in the key so caches for different dimensions never collide
# (the measurement is D=2-only today, but the key should not assume it).
key = (L.D, L.N, Δt, Δx)
try:
change_n = Vortex_Vortex._change_n[key]
changed_links = Vortex_Vortex._changed_links[key]
except KeyError:
length = np.abs([Δt, Δx]).sum()
stencil = L.form(1, dtype=int)
if Δt > 0:
stencil[1][:Δt, 0] = +1
elif Δt < 0:
stencil[1][Δt:, 0] = -1
stencil[1] = push(stencil[1], (1, 0))
if Δx > 0:
stencil[0][Δt, :Δx] = -1
elif Δx < 0:
stencil[0][Δt, Δx:] = +1
stencil[0] = push(stencil[0], (0, 1))
big_change = np.stack([push(stencil, x0) for x0 in L.coordinates])
changed_links = np.where(big_change)
changed_links = tuple(c.reshape(-1, length) for c in changed_links)
change_n = big_change[changed_links]
changed_links = changed_links[1:]
Vortex_Vortex._change_n[key] = change_n
Vortex_Vortex._changed_links[key] = changed_links
dS = -2*np.pi*S.kappa * ((change_n * Links[changed_links]).sum(axis=1) - np.pi*change_n.shape[1])
correlator[Δt, Δx] = np.exp(-dS).mean(axis=0)
return correlator
[docs]class Vortex_Vortex_Normalized(DerivedQuantity):
r'''
The :class:`~.Vortex_Vortex` correlator $V_{\Delta x}$ normalized by its value at zero separation,
.. math::
\texttt{Vortex\_Vortex\_Normalized}_{\Delta x} = \frac{V_{\Delta x}}{V_0},
so that $\texttt{Vortex\_Vortex\_Normalized}_0 = 1$. In the Villain formulation the :class:`~.Vortex_Vortex`
correlator is automatically normalized to 1 at the origin, but in the Worldline formulation the inline worm
measurement needs to be normalized by the expectation value of the worm's histogram at the origin and
therefore cannot be done configuration-by-configuration.
On the Villain correlator this observable is essentially a no-op but it is a meaningful rescaling of the
Worldline correlator required to match the two formulations.
'''
[docs] @staticmethod
def default(S, Vortex_Vortex):
return Vortex_Vortex / Vortex_Vortex[S.Lattice.origin]
[docs]class VortexSusceptibility(DerivedQuantity):
r'''
The *vortex susceptibility* is the spacetime integral of the :class:`~.Vortex_Vortex_Normalized` correlator $V_{\Delta x}$,
.. math::
\texttt{VortexSusceptibility} = \chi_V = \int d^Dr\; V(r).
'''
[docs] @staticmethod
def default(S, Vortex_Vortex_Normalized):
return np.sum(Vortex_Vortex_Normalized.real)
[docs]class VortexSusceptibilityScaled(VortexSusceptibility):
r'''
At the critical point and in the CFT the :class:`~.VortexSusceptibility` has a known expected scaling that comes from the scaling dimension $\Delta$ of $e^{2\pi i v/W}$.
.. math ::
\chi_V \sim L^{D-2\Delta(\kappa, W)}
where the scaling at the critical coupling $\kappa_c$ is known and depends on the constraint integer $W$.
So, we scale the susceptibility,
.. math::
\texttt{VortexSusceptibilityScaled} = \chi_V / L^{D-2\Delta(\kappa_c, W)}
so that at the critical coupling the infinite-volume limit of :class:`~.VortexSusceptibilityScaled` will be a constant.
.. note::
The $2\Delta$ comes from the fact that the :class:`~.Vortex_Vortex` correlator is a two-point function.
'''
[docs] @staticmethod
def default(S, VortexSusceptibility):
L = S.Lattice
# NOTE: implicitly assumes that the lattice is square!
return VortexSusceptibility / L.N**(L.D-2*supervillain.observable.Vortex_Vortex.CriticalScalingDimension(S))
[docs]class VortexCriticalMoment(DerivedQuantity):
r'''
The *critical moment* of the vortex correlator :math:`C_V` is the volume-average of the correlator multiplied by its long-distance critical behavior,
.. math::
C_V = \frac{1}{L^D} \int d^Dr\; r^{2\Delta_V(\kappa_c, W)}\; V(r)
At the critical $\kappa$ the long-distance behavior of the :class:`~.Vortex_Vortex` correlator :math:`V` decays with exactly the required power to cancel the explicit power of $r$ and the integral cancels the normalization, giving 1 in the large-$L$ limit.
In the gapped phase $V$ decays exponentially with $r$ and the integral converges, so $C_V$ goes to 0 in the large-$L$ limit.
In the CFT, $V$ decays polynomially, but faster than the weight from the moment grows. The integral scales with a power less than 2 and $C_V$ again goes to 0 in the large-$L$ limit.
'''
[docs] @staticmethod
def default(S, Vortex_Vortex_Normalized):
L = S.Lattice
return np.sum(L.R_squared**(supervillain.observable.Vortex_Vortex.CriticalScalingDimension(S)) * Vortex_Vortex_Normalized.real) / L.sites